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Let s take a look at a few examples to understand how different types of attacks fit into the preceding categories Exploit a listening service Someone gives you a user ID and password and says, Break into my system This is an example of exploiting a listening service How can you log into the system if it is not running a service that allows interactive logins (telnet, ftp, rlogin, or ssh) What about when the latest BIND vulnerability of the week is discovered Are your systems vulnerable Potentially, but attackers would have to exploit a listening service, BIND, to gain access It is imperative to remember that a service must be listening in order for an attacker to gain access If a service is not listening, it cannot be broken into remotely Route through a UNIX system Your UNIX rewall was circumvented by attackers How is this possible We don t allow any inbound services, you say In many instances, attackers circumvent UNIX rewalls by source-routing packets through the rewall to internal systems This feat is possible because the UNIX kernel had IP forwarding enabled when the rewall application should have been performing this function In most of these cases, the attackers never actually broke into the rewall; they simply used it as a router User-initiated remote execution Are you safe because you disabled all services on your UNIX system Maybe not What if you surf to http://www evilhackerorg, and your web browser executes malicious code that connects back to the evil site This may allow Evilhackerorg to access your system Think of the implications of this if you were logged in with root privileges while web sur ng Promiscuous-mode attacks What happens if your network sniffer (say, tcpdump) has vulnerabilities Are you exposing your system to attack merely by snif ng traf c You bet An attacker can send in a carefully crafted packet that turns your network sniffer into your worst security nightmare Throughout this section, we will address specific remote attacks that fall under one of the preceding four categories If you have any doubt about how a remote attack is possible, just ask yourself four questions: Is there a listening service involved Does the system perform routing Did a user or a user s software execute commands that jeopardized the security of the host system Is my interface card in promiscuous mode and capturing potentially hostile traf c You are likely to answer yes to at least one of these questions.

A text box is good for gathering items of text that don t need formatting for example, a user s first or last name or an address item To insert a text box, follow these steps: 1 Place the insertion point at the appropriate spot in the document 2 Choose Developer | Controls | Text Word inserts a text box, as shown here 3 With the insertion point still in the text box, choose Developer | Controls | Properties Word displays the text box s Content Control Properties dialog box, shown here with some properties selected 4 Choose general options as discussed in the section Add a Content Control to Your Form, earlier in this chapter 5 In the Plain Text Properties area, choose text box speci c options:

The best defense for brute-force guessing is to use strong passwords that are not easily guessed A one-time password mechanism would be most desirable Some free utilities that will help make brute forcing harder to accomplish are listed in Table 5-1 Newer UNIX operating systems include built-in password controls that alleviate some of the dependence on third-party modules For example, Solaris 10 provides a number of options through /etc/default/passwd to strengthen a systems password policy including: PASSLENGTH MINWEEK Minimum password length

Paragraphs) Select this check box if you want users to be able to insert a carriage return in the text box by pressing ENTER so that the text box can contain two or more paragraphs In most cases, you ll want to make sure that this check box is cleared, but you may need to use it on occasion

WARNWEEKS Number of weeks to warn a user ahead of time their password is about to expire HISTORY Number of passwords stored in password history User will not be allowed to reuse these values MINALPHA MINDIGIT MINSPECIAL nonnumeric) MINLOWER MINUPPER Minimum number of alpha characters Minimum number of numerical characters Minimum number of special characters (nonalpha, Minimum number of lowercase characters Minimum number of uppercase characters

you want Word to remove the content control when the user starts entering their own text in place of the instructions or placeholder text Normally it s best to leave this check box cleared (as it is by default) so that the user s custom content is placed in the content control, where you can manipulate it as needed 6 Click the OK button Word closes the Content Control Properties dialog box and applies your changes

The default Solaris install does not provide support for pam_cracklib or pam_ passwdqc If the OS password complexity rules are insufficient, then one of the PAM

Description Password composition tool A replacement for the passwd command A new mechanism for performing secure passwordbased authentication and key exchange over any type of network A telnet/ftp/rsh/login communication replacement with encryption and RSA authentication PAM module for password strength checking PAM module for account lockout

CHAPTER 14:

Location http://sourceforgenet/ projects/cracklib http://wwwutexasedu/cc/ unix/software/npasswd http://srpstanfordedu